Acute Kidney Injury Aki Health And Social Care Essay

Acute Kidney Injury Aki Health And Social Care Essay The first description of ARF, then termed ischuria renalis, was by William Heberden in 1802.25 At the beginning of the twentieth century, ARF, then named Acute Brights disease, was well described in William Oslers Textbook for Medicine (1909), as a consequence of toxic agents, pregnancy, burns, trauma, or operations on the kidneys. During the First World War the syndrome was namedwar nephritis26, and was reported in several publications. The syndrome was forgotten until the Second World War, when Bywaters and Beall published their classical paper on crush syndrome.27 However, it is Homer W. Smith who is credited for the introduction of the term acute renal failure, in a chapter on Acute renal failure related to traumatic injuries in his textbook The kidney-structure and function in health and disease (1951). Unfortunately, a precise biochemical definition of ARF was never proposed and, until recently, there was no consensus on the diagnostic criteria or clinical definition of ARF, re sulting in multiple different definitions. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a protean syndrome of varied severity. It is characterized by a rapid (hours to weeks) decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and retention of nitrogenous waste products such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.2,3 In recent years, it has been recognized that the time-honored term acute renal failure (ARF) fails to adequately describe what is a dynamic process extending across initiation, maintenance, and recovery phases, each of which may be of variable duration and severity. The term acute renal failure suggests that the syndrome is dichotomous and places an undue emphasis on whether or not renal function has overtly failed. This belies the now well-established fact that even mild decrements in glomerular filtration may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes.28-32 The alternative proposed term acute kidney injury has much to recommend it, perhaps better captures the diverse nature of this syndrome, and has entered into widespread clinical use. Historically, patients with AKI have been classified as being nonoliguric (urine output >400 mL/day), oliguric (urinary out-put 26.5 mmol/l) when they occur within a 48-hour period.24 Two recent studies examining large databases in the USA40 and Europe41 validated these modified criteria. Thakar et al. found that increased severity of AKI was associated with an increased risk of death independent of comorbidity.40 Diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury24 An abrupt (within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function currently defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine of more than or equal to 0.3 mg/dl (≠¥ 26.4 ÃŽ ¼mol/l), a percentage increase in serum creatinine of more than or equal to 50% (1.5-fold from baseline), or a reduction in urine output (documented oliguria of less than 0.5 ml/kg per hour for more than six hours). A major challenge in the investigation and management of AKI is the timely recognition of the syndrome. It remains difficult to easily and reliably measure rapid changes in the GFR. Although the severity in decline in GFR correlates with the onset of oliguria, the latter is insensitive marker of the syndrome because many subjects with severe renal failure remain nonoliguric. In AKI, there is poor agreement between serum creatinine and GFR, at least until a serum creatinine steady state is reached, and even then, the absolute rise in serum creatinine must take into account differences in creatinine generation rates.42 As a result, definitions of AKI that are based on a fixed increment in serum creatinine would be expected to be biased toward making an early diagnosis in well-muscled as compared with malnourished subjects or in men as compared with women. Creatinine clearances, especially when measured over a short time frame such as 2 to 4 hours, has some utility but may substantially overestimate GFR at low levels of renal function owing to a relatively high proportion of tubular secretion. Even the use of markers such as iothalamate to estimate GFR may be less precise in the acute as compared with the chronic setting owing to alterations in their volume of distribution as well as issues relating to tubular obstruction and backleak. INCIDENCE Acute kidney injury is a common and important diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians.43The incidence of AKI is difficult to estimate because no registry of its occurrence exists and because up until recently there was no standardized definition. From a variety of predominantly single center studies it is estimated that 5% to 7% of hospitalized patients develop AKI.44-47 More detailed information is available regarding its development in the intensive care unit (ICU) environment, where approximately 25% to 30% of unselected patients develop some degree of AKI, although again estimates vary considerable depending on the definition used and the population casemix. Renal replacement therapy is typically required in 5% to 6% of the general ICU population or 8.8 to 13.4 cases per 100,000 population/year.30,43,48-53 AKI is also a major medical complication in the developing world, particularly in the setting of diarrheal illnesses, infectious diseases like malaria and leptospir osis, and natural disasters such as earthquakes. The incidence of AKI has grown by more than fourfold in the United States since 1988 and is estimated to have a yearly incidence of 500 per 100,000 population, higher than the yearly incidence of stroke. AKI is associated with a markedly increased risk of death in hospitalized individuals, particularly in those admitted to the ICU where in-hospital mortality rates may exceed 50%.44 AKI IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD The epidemiology of AKI differs tremendously between developed and developing countries, owing to differences in demographics, economics, geography, and comorbid disease burden. While certain features of AKI are common to both-particularly since urban centers of some developing countries increasingly resemble those in the developed world-many etiologies for AKI are region-specific such as envenomations from snakes, spiders, caterpillars, and bees; infectious causes such as malaria and leptospirosis; and crush injuries and resultant rhabdomyolysis from earthquakes.44Factors responsible for this higher incidence of AKI in the tropics include hot climate in conjunction with excessive sweating, increased predisposition to hypovolemic insults, poor nutritional status and increased susceptibility to infections.

Preparing a reflective report

Preparing a reflective report Reflective report is the report which covers different stages of the business plan that includes development, idea initiation, business plan development, generating the presentation and feedback. Also is personal role and reflection of the meaning of business plan to determine the knowledge and our involvement in preparing the report which help the student to analyse the whole process of developing business plan from ideas developing to generation of plan. 2. THE TEAM WORK Our business plan group was made up of four members including myself and Saida M. Bandawe, Edna Mtema and Grace Sikaona with the help of our tutor. After we form our group we planned to meet after classes and discuss different business ideas from each member of the team and we decide to work on the Trash Collection project after confirmation with our class lecture. The reason of choosing this project is to prevent environmental pollution in Mikocheni society as well as Dar es Salaam city in the future. The roles distribution ere based on the area of specialisation so as to be able to give contributions in the form of ideas to progress with business plan preparation. Criteria for distribution of roles were convenience, experience, comfort and awareness in terms of how things are done for the success of the company. 2.1 The role In our team we discussed all tasks together in order to give everyone a chance to suggest not only the task they agreed to work on, but also to be aware on how to prepare the parts in business plan. For example every week we had to work one task, everyone on her own and at the end of the week we meet to discuss the ideas and then conclude which is the best. The roles were as follows: Saida M Bandawe did on operational plan and management team and report writer. Edwardina N. Karugendo worked on financial plan and risk assessment. Edna Mtema ,has worked on the business opportunity and industry analysis of our business Grace Sikaona has prepare the details on marketing and also financial plan. 2.2 Specializations Every team member specialised in those roles based on the criteria put forward earlier above which she felt comfortable to deliver the best of the ideas on the field. I worked on Marketing and financial plan as Im currently working in the bank as payment officer. It was easy to me to do financial statements for our business project. 2.3 Contributions of team members All members participated actively in preparation of all the business plan from ideas to complete document, members worked together in all stages until successful submission of the business plan. There were different kinds of contributions from members such as voluntary report writing and collection of data a round different Municipal Council stationeries etc. 2.4 Team forming process The team forming in our class was done by each classmate looking mates she/he can work well and form the best group. After we form our group, the lecture ask each group to find four business ideas, then discuss with her the best based challenging, helpful to the society and not common business among four ideas. 2.5 Efficiency of team work We managed to finish our business plan as planned and submitted on time. The fact that we used to work together and discuss all as a group which has minimised complaints towards a person assigned on that task in case something went wrong or not clear. 3. PROCESS OF IDEA INITIATION 3.1 Arriving at the idea of the business plan The training we got at IIT on Small Business Development for almost six month, has made us to understand how to plan and start up a business and see the need of selecting a specific segment to focus upon. 3.2 Choice from the possible ideas Idea is a purpose or guiding principal. Our group had different ideas such as: Restaurant Tailoring Trash Collection We decided to take the idea of Trash Collection project because we were concerned with preventing environmental pollution in Mikocheni society as well as Dar es Salaam city for the future. Also by considering the World environmental crisis, so by doing this business not only we will be benefit financially but also we will play a big role in protecting our environments. 3.3 Lesson I learnt from the process of idea initiation (Theories) Through business plan preparation I learned a lot and one is time consuming and a tedious work, one need to be passion in a subject and free his or her mind so as to grasp exactly the knowledge that the subject carries. Also I get chance to practice what we learn in class from first year Diploma to my third year. For example a) Marketing theory i) selecting a target market( A niches market) We chosen Mikocheni area as a narrow group of Dar es Salaam city resident but similar interest. (Barringer, B.R. and Ireland, R.D pg 318) b) Financial Theory For any entrepreneur has to have four financial objective which are i) Profitability -Our company ability to make profit ii) Liquidity -Our company ability to meet its short term obligation iii) Efficiency- How productively a firm utilizes its asset iv) Stability -The overall healthy of the company financial structure of our business, particular as it rrelates to its debt-to- equity ratios.( Barringer, B.R. and Ireland, R.D pg 222) I also learnt that sharing ideas with others is very important as it gives a chance to students to examine the ideas deeply as a way to see if it can be implemented, possible merits and demerits, challenges and issues which need a close attention before moving into consideration 4. PRESENTATION EXPERIENCE It is important to present a business plan because it builds a confidence and ability to express she/he ideas and views to the panel 4.1 Importance of the presenting the business plan Presenting in a group might not be a good way instead in our class we had an opportunity for each one of us to present their business plan singly and each members has to present at least two slide, for me this was an excellent way as it helps us to build confidence in defending our opinions and thoughts when answering the questions raised by the panel. During presentation I learnt the following: During presentation is important to be prepared and well organized, otherwise you will end up shaking and get nervous, and hence no massage will be delivered to the audience. In presentation one must focus on what s/he is going to accomplish with the requested capital and less on high level markets statistics. Its important to hold presentation for less than one hour in order to maintain panel attention and not get tired or bored with the presentation. Also in presentations, awareness of the time available to cover important points within that period and maintain presentation flow. Ability to jump back into the presentation after having answered the questions from the panel,, where more clarification on solution of a problem was demanded. Presentation help me to builds more confidence as it was my first time to do presentation, and hope next time it will be more enjoyable and much I learned from this presentation will help me 4.2 Learning Experiences Through the course of small business development I have learned that in order to develop any kind of business someone need to understand the market opportunity either by finding the gape, observing the trend or solving the problem, then the next step will be the business planning. 5. ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS The prediction of growth in our business plan was optimistic; thus why we put our business idea in the market, get loan from EXIM Bank for the remaining part of the capital required in order to operate business and hoping after three to five years we might manage to return the loans due to high demand of our services. As Entrepreneurs we know every business has its negative and positive outcomes, if EGES Trash Collection does not grow as predicted we will ask help from the AJM Company which has experiences in the trash collection industry to boost the growth depending on what was the reason behind the failure. For example, if the failure was operational, we may ask them to train the operation manager to be trained by their experienced operational manager. 5.1 Usefulness of the business plan By using our business plan, our company can use it as a guide and means to see how well the results of the business are. Also the business plan has put all necessary strategy down which will help the management to use it as guidelines in daily operations activities. For example, the marketing plan guides as an instrument which creates public awareness to potential customers, maintain relationship with the present and retain loyal customers, plan and schedule by taking actions. Also it helps to get feedback from customer on how we are providing the services. Also financial plan will help us to see the direction of the business in terms of income and expenses of the company as are mentioned and projected in years to come, showing where the company would be and where the company stands at present. 5.2 Limitation of the business plan Our business plan if it happens to be implemented the following could be the limitations: Government Law- according to our government law that no one can register the company for trash collection like other company providing services instead has to be sub-contracted by respective municipal or approved trash Collection Company. Bad Infrastructures- with respective to our area of trash collection of Mikocheni resident the street are not organised/viable, this results in hindering the process of collecting trash to be difficult or not possible at all to pass through the street roads especially during rain seasons Resident movement- Most of families in Dar es Salaam, particular in Mikocheni area, the residents are moving from one area to another due to yearly increase of the lease. This will results to bad debtors to our company as there are no National ID to track them to pay their bills accordingly. 6. Conclusion Business plan play all the above mentioned roles in our business development, this is an important document for the life of the company and should be confidential. Business plan needs team dedication in terms of time and idea sharing. For sure each part needs critical analysis for the business to grow and that financial plan is company backbone even if it hectic work to come up with accurate figure in preparing financial projection. All required is the that all members to be proactive on each section such as industry analysis, viability of the business and marketing plan for the business plan for the benefit of their business, Also the Government need to change the law for trash Collection Company registration to be like other companies providing different services. This will help to have best company as the city cleanness is not yet met International standards and also more companies registration will increase competition which might improve the quality of the service provided to the resident and the services cost might decrease.

Atomic Mass :: essays research papers

Laboratory Write-Up The game in which we participated simulates the early efforts of scientists because they had very little to work with. They too had to guess the size and shape of the atom. In 1911, Rutherford conducted a series of experiments in which he bombarded a piece of gold foil with positively charged alpha particles emitted by radioactive material. Most of the particles passed through the foil undisturbed, suggesting that the foil was made up mostly of empty space rather than of a sheet of solid atoms. Some alpha particles, however, "bounced back," indicating the presence of solid matter. Atomic particles, Rutherford's work showed, consisted primarily of empty space surrounding a well-defined central core called a nucleus. The game portrays the marbles as the alpha beams that bounce off the foam cores. The foam cores represent the nucleus, and the empty space shows how little space the nucleus actually takes up. The game we played can be different than what Rutherford experimented with is because the nucleus is much smaller than actually in the game. The foam wasn’t even in proportion with the size of the space used for the game. Early, atomic scientists actually did not have the opportunity of just peeking under the board to see the shape. They had to go with the results that they had. That’s why it was so important for them to be precise because if they did anything wrong then this would invalidate their research. They needed to be real precise because they were not as fortunate as scientists today who have technology to back them up. Scientists today do not necessarily have the opportunity to just peak under the board to obtain results.

Stem Cell Research :: Controversy, Debate, Politics

Stem cells are cells that can form into any type of cell, they are found in bone marrow, embryos, fetuses, and blood from the umbilical cord. Early in development, a human embryo is made up of a hollow ball of cells called a â€Å"blastocyst†. Blastocyst cells divide and eventually develop into all of the tissues and organs of a human being, a process called â€Å"differentiation†. Embryonic stem cells can be grown in the laboratory from blastocysts and made to differentiate into nerve, liver, muscle, blood, and other cells. Scientists hope to control the differentiation of the cells to replace cells in diseased organs in human beings. Embryonic stem cells can also be used to test the effects of new drugs without harming animals or people. In adult human beings, stem cells are found in many places in the body, including the skin, liver, bone marrow, and muscles. In the organs, stem cells remain inactive until they are needed. The stem cells supply each organ with cells needed to replace damaged or dead cells. Bone marrow stem cells divide to produce more stem cells, additional cells called â€Å"precursor cells†, and all of the different cells that make up the blood and immune system. Precursor cells have the ability to form many different types of cells, but they cannot produce more stem cells. Scientists can isolate bone marrow stem cells to use as donor cells in transplants. Adult stem cells, however, are rare and more difficult to detect and isolate. The discovery and isolation of embryonic stem cells has led to debate over whether it is right to use cells taken from human embryos for research. People have expressed concern about using human embryos and collecting some of their cells. Some people consider embryos already to be human beings. The embryos are destroyed in the process of isolating the stem cells. Once removed from an embryo, stem cells alone cannot form another embryo or develop into a human being. Many people consider it wrong to destroy human embryos, but other people believe that the potential medical benefits of stem cells justify their use. Scientists have found that stem cells can grow into 210 types of cells in the human body. Scientists believe that these cells can be used to cure many diseases that they have tried to find a cure for. Stem Cell Research :: Controversy, Debate, Politics Stem cells are cells that can form into any type of cell, they are found in bone marrow, embryos, fetuses, and blood from the umbilical cord. Early in development, a human embryo is made up of a hollow ball of cells called a â€Å"blastocyst†. Blastocyst cells divide and eventually develop into all of the tissues and organs of a human being, a process called â€Å"differentiation†. Embryonic stem cells can be grown in the laboratory from blastocysts and made to differentiate into nerve, liver, muscle, blood, and other cells. Scientists hope to control the differentiation of the cells to replace cells in diseased organs in human beings. Embryonic stem cells can also be used to test the effects of new drugs without harming animals or people. In adult human beings, stem cells are found in many places in the body, including the skin, liver, bone marrow, and muscles. In the organs, stem cells remain inactive until they are needed. The stem cells supply each organ with cells needed to replace damaged or dead cells. Bone marrow stem cells divide to produce more stem cells, additional cells called â€Å"precursor cells†, and all of the different cells that make up the blood and immune system. Precursor cells have the ability to form many different types of cells, but they cannot produce more stem cells. Scientists can isolate bone marrow stem cells to use as donor cells in transplants. Adult stem cells, however, are rare and more difficult to detect and isolate. The discovery and isolation of embryonic stem cells has led to debate over whether it is right to use cells taken from human embryos for research. People have expressed concern about using human embryos and collecting some of their cells. Some people consider embryos already to be human beings. The embryos are destroyed in the process of isolating the stem cells. Once removed from an embryo, stem cells alone cannot form another embryo or develop into a human being. Many people consider it wrong to destroy human embryos, but other people believe that the potential medical benefits of stem cells justify their use. Scientists have found that stem cells can grow into 210 types of cells in the human body. Scientists believe that these cells can be used to cure many diseases that they have tried to find a cure for.

Media and the Public :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When radio became popular around the forties and fifties, it was the one source of entertainment and news that people could enjoy in the comfort of their own home. In â€Å"Radio Days†, radio was a central part of the lives of the movie’s characters, especially Joe. Today however, radio does not act as the â€Å"hub† of information, like it was depicted in â€Å"Radio Days†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe, played by Seth Green and narrated by Woody Allen, had a miniature obsession with a radio program called â€Å"The Masked Avenger†, and other characters had similar fixations with different radio programs. Today the radio isn’t even considered, when people want entertainment. Television has replaced the format that radio used to have. No longer do people eat dinner and then gather in front of the radio to listen to a program. Radio had become a background soother. When driving in the car, one may turn it on and listen to it on a low volume, just so that there isn’t silence. Aunt Ceil, played by Renee Lippin, went on a date with a fellow who ran off in the middle of the date because they were listening to a program that involved an alien invasion, and he believed every word the DJ was saying. Even though there rarely is any programming like that on the radio anymore, today people are much more aware of what they hear on the radio. At the birth of radio, everyone believed everything they heard on the radio. People have become more critical and attentive as to what they HEAR and what they BELIEVE. In the forties and fifties radio format had mostly talk shows, news and occasionally music. Now it is almost opposite of what it was. Music has taken over radio, especially FM stations. There are news stations and a small amount of sports stations, but no more programs like â€Å"The Masked Avenger† anymore. AM stations still have some entertainment programming and NPR still has talk shows, but these stations are just no longer popular. In fact, they are a dieing breed; almost extinct. Radio holds a place in people’s lives today that is relevant, but not central as it was shown in â€Å"Radio Days†. I believe it has become better. In â€Å"Radio Days† the character actually listened to the radio. Today people only really hear the radio. With the inventions of the TV and internet, the fact that radio still holds its own in the entertainment industry is amazing. Media and the Public :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When radio became popular around the forties and fifties, it was the one source of entertainment and news that people could enjoy in the comfort of their own home. In â€Å"Radio Days†, radio was a central part of the lives of the movie’s characters, especially Joe. Today however, radio does not act as the â€Å"hub† of information, like it was depicted in â€Å"Radio Days†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe, played by Seth Green and narrated by Woody Allen, had a miniature obsession with a radio program called â€Å"The Masked Avenger†, and other characters had similar fixations with different radio programs. Today the radio isn’t even considered, when people want entertainment. Television has replaced the format that radio used to have. No longer do people eat dinner and then gather in front of the radio to listen to a program. Radio had become a background soother. When driving in the car, one may turn it on and listen to it on a low volume, just so that there isn’t silence. Aunt Ceil, played by Renee Lippin, went on a date with a fellow who ran off in the middle of the date because they were listening to a program that involved an alien invasion, and he believed every word the DJ was saying. Even though there rarely is any programming like that on the radio anymore, today people are much more aware of what they hear on the radio. At the birth of radio, everyone believed everything they heard on the radio. People have become more critical and attentive as to what they HEAR and what they BELIEVE. In the forties and fifties radio format had mostly talk shows, news and occasionally music. Now it is almost opposite of what it was. Music has taken over radio, especially FM stations. There are news stations and a small amount of sports stations, but no more programs like â€Å"The Masked Avenger† anymore. AM stations still have some entertainment programming and NPR still has talk shows, but these stations are just no longer popular. In fact, they are a dieing breed; almost extinct. Radio holds a place in people’s lives today that is relevant, but not central as it was shown in â€Å"Radio Days†. I believe it has become better. In â€Å"Radio Days† the character actually listened to the radio. Today people only really hear the radio. With the inventions of the TV and internet, the fact that radio still holds its own in the entertainment industry is amazing.

Prison Treatments Laws in New York State Essay

Michael E. Deutsch, Dennis Cunningham and Elizabeth M. Fink †Twenty Years Later — Attica Civil Rights Case Finally Cleared for Trial† Social Justice, Vol. 18, No. 3 (45), Attica: 1971—1991 A Commemorative Issue (Fall 1991), pp. 13-25 This is a journal uses the commissioner, the director of the correctional, Russel Osward as a center role to recall the Attica Riot, condemning his failure of management of the prison regime and the inhumane assault he had set to end up the uprising. The government had covered the facts of violent assault of the riot for years, but it had been dug out by the protest of the riot survivors 20 years after the riot, and they finally won the negotiations and gained their civil rights. Quotations can be cited for discussing how the negotiation had gone through. It also provides me some background information of the riot. It also gives a sense of what kind of civil rights had been violated and what had been brought back. I can use thes e rights as reference to seek changes of the State laws. Vicky Munro-Bjorklund â€Å"Popular Cultural Images of Criminals and Prisoners since Attica† Social Justice, Vol. 18, No. 3 (45), Attica: 1971—1991 A Commemorative Issue (Fall 1991), pp. 48-70 This journal focuses on the popular culture images that been shaped after the Attica Riot. It argues that the misunderstanding of the prisoner had been changed since the uprising, and media is also a force that pushes the prisons into reform. Because of stereotype, or the popular cultural images of the prisoners, no one had paid that much attention to the prisoners before the increasing exposure of the real â€Å"prisoners’ life† after the Attica Riot. The description of the popular cultural images of the prisoners in Attica is really a good resource to use. This resource is mainly a statement of the prisoners’ image. I do not need to describe the change of the images because I am focusing on the law changes, so nothing will be quoted, but it makes me think in a new way: The affection of exposure from the public or social media. George Edwards, â€Å"Foreword: Penitentiaries Produce No Penitents† forward-penitentiaries produce no penitents, 63 J. Crim. L. Criminology& Police Scl. 159(1972): 154-161   This journal focused on how the social media have done to help the colored people inside the US penal system by using the example of the media affection of the Attica Riot. It focuses on and the cultural images that shape the stereotype of the black people so that they are isolated from â€Å"us†. The prisoners’ lives in the prisons have become more transparent through the social media after the Attica Riot when the social media have paid attention to them and cover more about them. Social media is condemning the brutal treatment to the prisoners and the injustice of the sentence through different ways. This paper is searched after the previous one, it is a good resource for seeing how the social media had pushed the State to change their correctional method and give back prisoners’ civil rights. Willi The Naturalization Act of 1790 am L. Wilbanks The report of the commission on Attica, 37 Fed. Probation 3 (1973): 3-5 This is a prime summery of the national commission report of the Attica Riot published on September 13,1972. It briefly summarized and explained what is the Attica Riot, recorded the cause of it, reported the negotiation of it, and analyzed the assault and the aftermath of it. The main highlight of the riot from the report is that it happened at a time when the prison was about to reform for better, and the violent assault was because the prison inmate was asking for general pardon, but the government refused so, yet the result was still inhumane. This report is brief and comprehensive; it is providing background information for the public to get the general idea of the riot. Part of it can be quoted for a prof of inhumane treatment after the uprising. Gerald Benjamin and Stephen P. Rappaport, Attica and Prison Reform, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 31, No. 3, Governing New York State: The Rockefeller Years (May, 1974), pp. 200-213 This journal focuses on reporting the details of the negotiation and the assault of the Attica Riot. Informing us assault is because of the failure of the negotiation. This journal also mentioned that the riot happened when the reform was just about to be taken into practice. After the riot, the reform began, including the facilities change and the treatment changes. Changes are based on the fund from federal and the State, though something still needs to be change, it was already a big step. It is also showing some significant changes such as the change in the employment of the facilities from all whites to Latinos, the shortened time of locking. Though this journal is really detail, I need to quote the changes of laws rather than just physical changes in this piece. Angela Y. Davis: Are Prisons Obsolete? Seven Stories Press New York, 2003: 10-19, 84-104 Chapter 1 introduces us with an idea of prison reform, which gains the majority supports of the public and it is also the reason for the Attica Riot. It also reveals the idea that not many people outside the prison are willing to think about the life inside the prison, which is going to be a support of why I said that there is not that much attention had been paid for prison treatment. Chapter 5 tells us how a mass of private companies and industries are gaining a lot of profit from the prisoners so that prisoners are not gaining what they are supposed to be gained. Both chapters are supporting the idea of why prisons should be paid attention and be reformed. Thought the industrial complex of the prison is written recently rather than the immediate fact, I would use them as reference of things that haven’t been improved after the riot. Bruce Burgett and Glenn Hendler, Keywords for American Cultural Studies, New York University Press, 2007: 37-42 This piece gives readers a brief history from the ancient Greek to now of how Citizenship has come to its status in the United State. The civil rights have been violated by the sovereignty, but finally came to equality through the push of institutions, religions, as well as civil movements. This piece also introduces us that how the technology and transportations are important to a new understanding of citizenship. This piece is important for analyzing the prison rights because I am writing through the prospect that prison inmates are also citizens, that they should have the same rights as those normal citizens, but prisoners’ rights are somehow always been valid or even ignored by the U.S. penal system. This article helps to define the citizen in my paper. Jael Silliman and Anannya Bhattacharjee, Policing the National Body Sex, Race, and Criminalization, South End Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002: 1-48 Chapter one gives us a general idea on how the US penal apparatus has been enforced by the participation of multiple â€Å"relevant† institutions. It is showing audiences how those institutional officers themselves are offending the laws but still act as a law executive, and how they use the name of immigration law to violate the rights, especially the rights of the women with colors, they offence their bodies, and use them to incarcerate colored men. This helps to analysis the female prison treatments in recent time. Though it is a good example to show the violation of the civil rights but it might be a little different from the topic that I am writing about because it is mainly focused on the recent time and the immigration laws. Dylan Rodriguez, Forced Passages, Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, London, 2006 This chapter focuses on the formation of the key word: The War. Though the war is supposedly be the conflict between states, the writer tells readers that the U.S. government is using the war zone as a way to control the citizens. It talks about how the power is contributed through the use of the prison regime. I would like to quote the history of the prison regime to inform that the prison today has a slavery background and that is what makes the rights of prisoners been blurred so reasonably. U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790, The Transcript of 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865) The naturalization act is the fundamental act to the U.S. citizens. It indicated that free white of good moral character that had lived in the U.S. for two years and swore allegiance. It can be used as a historical accordant to the descriptions of the history of the prison regime. The 13th amendment establishes birthright of citizenship due process and equal protection, formally extends citizenship to newly freed, black men. Both of these laws can be use as track of the citizenship as proves of the inequality of the civil laws roots. Abstract Citizenship refers to the link between state and person who lives in. Citizens by broad should be within the link and should be someone who lives in the sate. Prisoners as a special type of citizen are supposed to have the same civil rights and be protected by the same laws, yet their circumstances put them into a situation where their rights are violated constantly with or without justice. Prison treatments in the US, can been seen as a significant example of the violation of the prisoners’ civil rights. It has never been paid attentions until the four-day uprising in the Attica Correctional Facility burst out in 1971. Attica Riot was the most violent riot in the entire U.S. history. Through out the uprising, many inhumane treatments of the prisoners have been revealed through the exposure of the social media. As a curiosity on the affects of prison uprisings on the New York State government, this paper is going to discover some significant changes that had been made by the New York State immediately after the riot through the aftermath negotiation of the Attica riot to indicate that the prisoner rights are still not have been treated rightly.

Econ 1a

Student1. Which of the chthonianmenti mavend is a distinguishing gambol of a restrain corpse? A. clubby self- see of from each one(prenominal) detonator. B. ex cargonen grooming. C. sour reliance on marts. D. wide-spread dispersion of scotch power.2. Which of the fol humbles is a distinguishing feature of a grocery investment trust strategy? A. earth self- for engender of either bully. B. of import formulation. C. wide-spread cloistered ownership of capital. D. a aviator feed in of goods, alternatives, and gold.3. Examples of restrain economies ar A. The United States and Japan. B. Sweden and Nor sort. C. Mexico and Brazil. D. Cuba and North Korea.4. Of the pursual countries, which one shell exhibits the feature articles of a mart parsimony? A. Canada. B. Cuba. C. North Korea. D. China.5. The French barrier laissez- sensiblee operator A. in that respect is no free lunch. B. let it be. C. circular black commercialize. D. creation ownership. 6. An sparing administration A. requires a assort of private grocerys linked to one a nonher. B. is a fictitious charactericular set of institutional arrangements and a coordinating as well asl social occasiond to serve to the economizing b otherwise. C. requires virtu entirelyy sort of transfigureized potence (such as politics) to oordinate stinting activity. D. is a plan or scheme that bring home the bacons a crocked to make cash at some other hards expense.7. The term laissez-faire suggests that A. cut back and other natural mental imageryfulnesss should be in private owned, entirely capital should be nationally owned. B. trim back and other natural imagerys should be publicly owned, but capital should be privately owned. C. regimen should non mediate with the operation of the economy. D. government action is needed if the economy is to achieve wide of the mark(a) booking and full point of intersectionion.8. frugalal systems differ harmonize to which devil main characteristics? A. Who owns the concomitantors of intersection pointionion, and the methods used to organise sparing activity. B. The technology used in intersectionion, and the cadence and quality of natural elections. C. How goods ar set upd, and who ruffows them. D. The political system in place, and the distributor point of scarcity facing the economy.9. Command systems atomic number 18 also known as A. securities diligence placeplaceplace systems. B. pure capitalism. C. laissez-faire capitalism. D. communism.10. A primitive difference in the midst of the look out on system and the trade system is that, in curb systems A. the incision of end put up is decided by cardinal planning rather than by exclusives operating freely by authority of marts. B. all scotch decisions be made by the government, whereas there is no government in a grocery place system. C. scarcity does non exist, whereas it does in a foodstuffplace system . D. property is non used, whereas it is in a mart system.11. Which of the interest is non a characteristic of the trade system? A. private blank space. B. exemption of registerprise. C. government ownership of major industries. D. contention in reaping and imagination markets.12. Which of the positioning by side(p) is a inherent characteristic of the market system? A. property secures. B. central planning by government. C. unselfish behavior. D. government-set wages and determines.13. attribute rights be important be commence they A. en true an extend to dissemination of income. B. encourage cooperation by astir(p) the chances of mutually agreeable transactions. C. guarantee that either commuting bequeath make all break remoteies better off than prior to the reciprocation. D. allow the government to get the hang how resources be allocated.14. secluded property A. discourages cooperation because peck dont want to part with what they own. B. discourages asylum, as mass are oft afraid to risk losing their own property. C. encourages owners to bear on or purify their property, so as to preserve or enhance value. D. does everything indicated by the other answers.15. Copyrights and good dealmarks are examples of A. capital goods. B. mankind capital. C. property rights. D. public goods.16. The regulatory mechanism of the market system is A. self-concern. B. private property. C. competition. D. long suit.17. broadly be, competition involves A. private property and liberty of expression. B. independently acting buyers and alloters and freedom to enter or leave markets. C. increasing luck cost and diminishing marginal utility. D. capital goods and division of dig come forth.18. Competition means that A. sellers batch manipulate market impairment by causing ingathering scarcities. B. there are independently-acting buyers and sellers in each market. C. a ware crowd disclose be purchased at a number of different prices. D. there is lots(prenominal) than one seller in a market.19. The division of mash means that A. labor markets are geographically segmented. B. unskilled workers come skilled workers. C. workers specialize in motley merchandise tasks. D. each worker per throws a salient number of tasks.20. distinctiveness in intersection is important primarily because it A. results in greater aggregate takings. B. llows smart set to repeal the junction-of-wants trouble. C. allows society to trade by occupation. D. allows society to have fewer capital goods.21. metier-the division of labor-enhances growthivity and efficiency by A. allowing workers to go through advantage of subsisting differences in their abilities and skills. B. avoiding the conviction deviation involved in chemise from one take task to a nonher. C. allowing workers to bankrupt skills by working on one, or a limited number, of tasks. D. all of the means identified in the other answers.22. Specialization in c rosswayion is economically serious primarily because it A. llows everyone to have a play which they corresponding. B. permits the harvest-timeion of a bigger sidetrack with fixed amounts of resources. C. facilitates trade by bartering. D. guarantees full employment.23. On the basis of the above breeding it good deal be said that A. no analogy of wants exists between any deuce states. B. a coincidence of wants exists between gelt and Washington. C. a coincidence of wants exists between Texas and Washington. D. a coincidence of wants exists between Michigan and Texas.24. On the basis of the above information and presume trade occurs between the three states we erect prognosticate A. Washington to exchange apples with Texas and imbibe notes in return. B. Washington to exchange apples with Michigan and perk silver in return. C. Texas to exchange lettuce with Michigan and receive autos in return. D. Texas to trade lettuce reign overly for Washington apples.25. attache d the above information and assuming trade occurs between the three states we stick out expect A. that there is no means by which Michigan gage obtain lettuce while specializing in the crossingion of autos. B. that money allow for not be needed to meet the in demand(p) exchanges. C. money to be given levorotary from Michigan to Texas to Washington. D. money to flow dextrorotary from Michigan to Washington to Texas.26. Barter A. is the major means of exchange in centrally planned economies. B. accounts for over 30 pct of the dollar mark volume of all exchange in the U. S. economy. C. entails the exchange of goods for goods. D. is used to beat up the fear of a lack of coincidence of wants among potential buyers and sellers.27. The coincidence of wants problem associated with barter refers to the occurrence that A. for exchange to occur each seller must have a product that some buyer wants. B. money must be used as a medium of exchange or trade pass on neer occur. C. f orte is restricted by the size or scope of a market. D. buyers in resource markets and sellers in product markets can never engage in exchange.28. The use of money rears to economic efficiency because A. governmental focal point of the production and scattering of sidetrack can be avoided by using money. B. luggage carousel production could not occur without the accessibility of money. C. it is necessary for the creation of capital goods. D. it put ups specialization by overcoming the problems with barter.29. The presence of market failures implies that A. oney is not an effective to a faultl for exchange in a market system. B. there is an dynamical role for government, even in a market system. C. individualists and firms should strive to be self-sufficient rather than specialize. D. command systems are quality to market systems in the apportioning of resources.30. Which of the following characteristics is least unique to a market system? A. private ownership of property resources B. competition among buyers and sellers pursuing monetary returns C. the widespread use of money D. freedom of try and choice31. Which of the following is one of the vanadium dollar bill Fundamental Questions? A. Which products exit be in unique add and which in nimiety supply? B. Who should appoint the head of the central bank? C. How much should society save? D. What goods and returns forget be produced?32. If free-enterprise(a) sedulousness Z is making square(p) economic lettuce, output provide A. betide in persistence Z, and firms leave alone in all likelihood leave the market. B. fall in all industries except labor Z. C. flip ones lid in industry Z, as much resources result move to that industry. D. expand in industry Z, but no radical firms testament enter the market.33. From societys point of calculate the economic mold of shekels and expirationes is to A. romote the commensurate diffusion of real assets and wealth. B. achieve full employment and price level stability. C. contribute to a more(prenominal) equal distribution of income. D. reallocate resources from less desired to more desired uses.34. In a market economy a satisfying change in consumers desire for product X lead A. alter the networks or losings received by suppliers of product X. B. cause a reallotment of scarce resources. C. cause some industries to expand and others to take aim. D. do all of these.35. Economic additions in an industry suggest the industry A. can earn more advantages by increasing product price. B. should be larger to better satisfy consumers desire for the product. C. has pointless production capacity. D. is the size that consumers want it to be.36. Economic profits and losses A. are twain considered by economists to be a part of production costs. B. are essential to the reallocation of resources from less desired to more desired goods. C. have no influence on the composition of domestic output. D. equalize the distri bution of income in the long run.37. If consumer desire for product X annexs, all of the following will occur except A. an increase in the profits of industry X. B. n increase in the quantity of resources employed by industry X. C. an increase in the output of industry X. D. a decrease in the quantity of resources employed in industry X.38. An increase in consumer desire for st cleanfangledberries is nigh likely to A. increase the number of strawberry mark mark pickers needed by farmers. B. edit the supply of strawberries. C. reduce the number of people volition to pick strawberries. D. reduce the need for strawberry pickers.39. If competitive industry Y is subject substantial losses, output will A. expand as resources move toward industry Y. B. swerve as resources move toward industry Y. C. contract as resources move away from industry Y. D. expand as resources move away from industry Y.40. The economic function of profits and losses is to A. bring about a more equal distrib ution of income. B. augur that resources should be reallocated. C. eliminate small firms and reduce competition. D. tell government which industries need to be subsidized.41. If a competitive industry is uncomplete expanding nor contracting, we would expect A. total revenue to be zero. B. economic profits to be zero. C. total opportunity cost to be zero. D. more resources to flow to that industry.42. The competitive market system A . encourages innovation because government provides value breaks and subsidies to those who develop late products or new productive techniques. B. discourages innovation because it is difficult to give back additional capital in the form of new machinery and equipment. C. discourages innovation because firms want to get all the profits possible from existing machinery and equipment. D. encourages innovation because successful innovators are rewarded with economic profits.43. In a market economy the distribution of output will be determined primaril y by A. consumer need and preferences. B. the quantities and prices of the resources that households supply. C. government normals that provide a minimal income for all. D. a social consensus as to which distribution of income is more or less equitable.44. The most in effect(p) conspiracy of resources in producing a given output is the combination that A. comes closest to using the kindred quantities of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. B. can be obtained for the smallest money outlay. C. uses the smallest total quantity of all resources. D. conserve most on the use of labor.45. Firms are do to minimize production costs because A. t is the most environmentally loving way to produce goods. B. least-cost production techniques use the smallest total quantity of resources. C. competitive pressures in the market will drive out high-cost producers. D. the government provides tax credits and subsidies to affordable producers. issue the next brain(s) using the following data which show all on hand(predicate) techniques for producing 20 units of a particular commodity46. tint to the above data. In view of the indicated resource prices, the economically most efficient production technique(s) is (are) technique(s) A. 1. B. 2 and 4. C. 3. D. 1 and 3.47. call down to the above data. Assuming that the firm is motivated by self-interest and that the 20 units which can be produced with each technique can be sold for $2 per unit, the firm will A. gull an economic profit of $10. B. realize an economic profit of $4. C. not earn any economic profit. D. stoppage rather than incur a loss by producing.48. extend to to the above data. If a new production technique is genuine that enables a firm to produce 20 units of output with 3 units of land, 3 of labor, 1 of capital, and 2 of entrepreneurial ability, this technique would A. not be adopted because, although it reduces production costs, it does not increase profit. B. be adopted because it wou ld lower production costs and increase economic profit. C. not be adopted because it entails higher production costs than other ready(prenominal) techniques. D. be adopted, even though economic profits would be reduced slightly. Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following information Suppose 30 units of product A can be produced by employing just labor and capital in the four ways shown below. Assume the prices of labor and capital are $2 and $3 respectively.49. attend to the above information. Which technique is economically most efficient in producing A? A. I B. II C. III D. IV50. Refer to the above information. If the price of product A is $0. 50, the firm will realize A. an economic profit of $4. B. an economic profit of $2. C. an economic profit of $6. D. a loss of $3.51. In a competitive market economy firms select the least-cost production technique because A. such choices will result in full employment of available resources. B. to do so will maximize the fir ms profits. C. this will prevent new firms from entering the industry. D. dollar voting by consumers mandates such a choice.52. The market systems answer to the fundamental question What will be produced? is essentially A. Goods and go that are profitable. B. Low cost goods and services. C. Goods and service that can be produced using large amounts of capital. D. Goods and services that possess lasting value. 53. The market systems answer to the fundamental question How will the goods and services be produced? is essentially A. With as much machinery as possible. B. Using the modish technology. C. By exploiting labor. D. Using the least-cost production techniques. 54. The market systems answer to the fundamental question Who will get the goods and services? is essentially A. Those uncoerced and able to pay for them. B. Those who physically produced them. C. Those who most need them. D. Those who get utility from them. 55. The market systems answer to the fundamental q uestion How will the system accommodate change? is essentially A. through and through government leadership and focus. B. through and through the guiding function of prices and the inducement function of profits. C. with training and retraining programs. D. Through effort and error. 56. The market systems answer to the fundamental question How will the system promote progress? is essentially A. Through government funded research programs. B. Through redistribution of income to promote greater equality. C. Through training and retraining programs. D. Through the profit potential that encourages development of new technology. 57. The advent of DVDs has virtually demolished the market for videocassettes. This is an example of A. creative destruction. B. derived demand. C. apital accumulation. D. the difference between normal and economic profits.58. Consumer reign refers to the A. detail that resource prices are higher than product prices in capitalistic economies. B. mel odic theme that the prosecution of self-interest is in the public interest. C. base that the decisions of producers must lowestly conform to consumer demands. D. fact that a Federal agency exists to cherish consumers from harmful and defective products.59. The dollar votes of consumers ultimately determine the composition of output and the allocation of resources in a market economy. This debate scoop out describes the pattern of A. derived demand. B. consumer sovereignty. C. the imperceptible hand. D. market failure.60. Which of the following is not one of the five fundamental questions? A. What prices will be supercharged for goods and services? B. Who will get the goods and services? C. What goods and services will be produced? D. How will the system promote progress?61. Consumer sovereignty means that A. buyers can dictate the prices at which goods and services will be purchased. B. announce is ineffective because consumers already know what they want. C. uyers contr ol the quality of goods and services through regulatory agencies. D. buyers determine what will be produced terms on their dollar votes for the goods and services offered by sellers.62. Which of the following best describes the hidden-hand concept? A. The desires of resource suppliers and producers to further their own self-interest will automatically further the public interest. B. The non-substitutability of resources creates a conflict between private and public interests and calls for government intervention. C. The market system is the best system for overcoming the scarce resources-unlimited wants problem. D. Central direction by the government will emend resource allocation in a capitalistic economy.63. The invisible hand refers to the A. fact that the U. S. tax system redistributes income from rich to poor. B. whim that, chthonian competition, decisions motivated by self-interest promote the social interest. C. tendency of noncompetitive sellers to raise prices above competitive levels. D. fact that government controls the functioning of the market system.64. The invisible hand concept suggests that A. market failures incriminate the need for a national economic plan. B. ig line of businesses are inherently more efficient than small businesses. C. the competitiveness of a capitalistic market economy perpetually diminishes over time. D. assuming competition, private and public interests will coincide.65. Two major virtues of the market system are that it A. allocates resources efficiently and allows economic freedom. B. results in an equitable ain distribution of income and always maintains full employment. C. results in price level stability and a fair personal distribution of income. D. eliminates discrimination and minimizes environmental pollution.66. The market system A. produces considerable inefficiency in the use of scarce resources. B. effectively harnesses the inducements of workers and entrepreneurs. C. is not consistent with free dom of choice in the long run. D. has slowly lost ground to emerging command systems.67. According to the concept of the invisible hand, if Susie opens and operates a profitable childcare center, then A. government should regulate the business to ensure quality. B. the profit Susie earns indicates that she is overcharging for her services. C. she has served societys interests by providing a desired good or service. D. his demonstrates that consumer sovereignty is not present in this market.68. The invisible hand promotes societys interests because A. individuals pursuing their self-interest will try to produce goods and services that people in society want and are willing to purchase. B. individuals will produce goods for others out of concern for their fellow human beings. C. it makes sure that everyone wins from competition in the market. D. government regulation pushes business into producing the right mix of goods and services.69. The coordination problem in the centrally plann ed economies refers to the thought that A. lanners had to direct required inputs to each enterprise. B. the price level and the level of employment were in return related. C. the immediate effect of more enthronisation funds was less consumption. D. exports had to be equal to imports for a central plan to work.70. Under central planning, some group has to decide how to get the necessary inputs produced in the right amounts and delivered to the right places at the right time. This is a near impossible task without markets and profits. This quotation best identifies the A. incentive problem chthonian central planning. B. oordination problem under central planning. C. self-reliance dilemma under communism. D. resource over-commitment problem under communism.71. Because the outputs of many industries are the inputs to other industries, the failure of any single industry to fulfill the output quantities specified in the central plan caused a chain-reaction of uncomely repercussion s on production. This quotation best identifies the A. incentive problem under central planning. B. self-reliance dilemma under communism. C. resource over-commitment problem under communism. D. coordination problem under central planning.72. The incentive problem under communisticicic central planning refers to the thinker that A. planners had to direct required inputs to each enterprise. B . workers, managers, and entrepreneurs could not personally gain by responding to victimizeages or surpluses or by introducing new and ameliorate products. C. the immediate effect of more investment was less consumption. D. exports had to be equal to imports for a central plan to work.73. Suppose that an individual sees a tremendous opportunity to produce and sell a new product, but dismisses the idea because there is no way to exploit this opportunity for personal gain. This role best identifies the A. coordination problem under communist central planning. B. self-sufficiency dilemma un der communism. C. asymmetric information problem under communism. D. incentive problem under communist central planning.74. Innovation lagged in the centrally planned economies because A. there was too much domestic business competition. B. there was too much competition from foreign firms. C. enterprises resisted innovation in fear that their production targets would be raised. D. exports had to equal imports for the plan to work.75. The fact that the major indicator of enterprise success in the Soviet spousal relationship and pre-reform China was the quantity of output implied that A. product quality was neglected. B. production costs were minimized. C. product-mix met consumer needs. D. technological advance was too rapid.76. Enterprise managers and workers in the Soviet Union often resisted innovations in production methods because A. production targets were often increased when innovation occurred. B. there was a chronic shortage of computers. C. workers could not be reallocat ed geographically. D. innovations ordinarily increased addiction on world markets.77. If products were in short or surplus supply in the Soviet Union A. price and profit signals eliminated those shortages and surpluses. B. price and profit signals intensified those shortages and surpluses. C. producers would not react because no price or profit signals occurred. D. the planners would immediately adjust production to achieve equilibrium.78. In what type of business do the owners bear no personal financial responsibility for the companys debts and obligations? A. Partnerships. B. Corporations. C. Sole proprietorships. D. In all of the businesses listed in the other answers.79. The elementary circular flow toughie shows that A. households are on the buying side of twain product and resource markets. B. businesses are on the selling side of twain product and resource markets. C. households are on the selling side of the resource market and on the buying side of the product market. D. businesses are on the buying side of the product market and on the selling side of the resource market.80. The two basic markets shown by the simple circular flow beat are A. capital goods and consumer goods. B. free and controlled. C. product and resource. D. household and business.81. In the resource market A. businesses borrow financial capital from households. B. businesses sell services to households. C. households sell resources to businesses. D. firms sell raw materials to households.82. In the simple circular flow model A. households are buyers of resources. B. businesses are sellers of final products. C. households are sellers of final products. D. there are real flows of goods, services, and resources, but not money flows.83. Refer to the above diagram. come (1) represents A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures.84. Refer to the above diagram. Flow (2) represents A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures.85. Refer to the above diagram. Flow (3) represents A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures.86. Refer to the above diagram. Flow (4) represents A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. oods and services. D. consumer expenditures.87. In terms of the circular flow diagram, households make expenditures in the _____ market and receive income through the _____ market. A. product financial B. resource product C. product resource D. capital product88. In terms of the circular flow diagram, businesses obtain revenue through the _____ market and make expenditures in the _____ market. A. product financial B. resource product C. product resource D. capital product89. Households and busi nesses are A. both buyers in the resource market. B. both sellers in the product market. C. ellers in the resource and product markets respectively. D. sellers in the product and resource markets respectively.90. Refer to the above diagram. Arrows (1) and (2) represent A. goods and resources respectively. B. money incomes and output respectively. C. output and money incomes respectively. D. resources and goods respectively.91. Refer to the above diagram. Arrows (3) and (4) represent A. goods and services respectively. B. incomes and consumer expenditures respectively. C. resources and goods respectively. D. consumer expenditures and income respectively.92. Refer to the above diagram. Arrows (1) and (3) are associated with A. the money market. B. the resource market. C. the product market. D. international trade.93. Which of the following best illustrates the circular flow model in action? A. Bobbie goes to work and builds cars, and uses the income she receives to buy fare at the gr ocery store. B. Evan buys a new couch the owner of the furniture store uses some of the money from the sale to pay her supplier, and uses the rest to take her family out to dinner. C. Boeing experiences a surge in orders for new airplanes, trace the company to hire more workers. D. altogether of these answers illustrate the workings of the circular flow model.94. (Consider This) In 1975, McDonalds introduced its Egg McMuffin breakfast sandwich, which cadaver popular and profitable today. This longevity illustrates the idea of A. opportunity cost. B. upsloping supply. C. consumer sovereignty. D. specialization.95. (Consider This) In 2000, McDonalds introduced its McSalad Shaker, which failed to catch on with the public and was subsequently dropped from the menu. This failure illustrates the idea of A. consumer sovereignty. B. technological change. C. downsloping demand. D. specialization.96. (Consider This) Since World fight II A. North Koreas command economy has significantly outperformed South Koreas market economy. B. South Koreas command economy has significantly outperformed North Koreas market economy. C. North Koreas market economy has significantly outperformed South Koreas command economy. D. South Koreas market economy has significantly outperformed North Koreas command economy.97. (Consider This) North Koreas command economy A. is one of the few remaining command economies. B. has heavy(a) much faster than South Korea since the two countries were divided after World War II. C. produces a per capita GDP of nearly $25,000. D. has undergone significant market reforms and is now one of the alacritous growing economies.98. (Last Word) According to economist Donald Boudreaux, the worlds tens of billions of individual resources get arranged productively A. because government has become highly effective at central planning. B. because private property encourages people to consider the alternative uses of their resources and select those that provide the most rewards. C. because people tend to be creative and orderly. D. through random trial and error.99. Last Word) According to economist Donald Boudreaux A. private property eliminates the possibility that resource arrangements will be random. B. the market system threatens to do irreparable harm to the worlds ecosystem. C. arranging resources under the market system is much like shuffling a deck of cards. D. the market system works wondrously for innovative industrial nations but not for evolution nations.100. Market economies use capital goods because they improve productive efficiency. uncoiled fictitious101. capital functions as a medium of exchange by eliminating the need for a coincidence of wants. True fictional102. Consumer sovereignty means that legislation now protects the rights of consumers to dispose of their incomes as they see fit. True moody103. Specialization may expand total output even though the individuals involved may have identical abilities. True unreasonable104. The wants of consumers are expressed in the product market with dollar votes. True False105. Costs can be defined as total payments made to workers, land owners, and capital suppliers less payments to the entrepreneur for organizing and unite the other resources used to produce a good. True False106. Continued losses in an industry will cause some firms to reduce output or eventually leave the industry. True False107. The guiding function of prices tends to keep resources period toward their most highly valued uses. True False108. The invisible hand refers to the many indirect controls that the Federal government imposes in a market system. True False109. Central planning in the Soviet Union and pre-reform China emphasized the working out of the production of consumer goods to raise the domestic monetary standard of living. True False110. Central planning often suffers from a coordination problem and an incentive problem. True False ch02 Key1. B2. C3. D4. A5. B6. B7. C8. A9. D10. A11. C12. A13. B14. C15. C16. C17. B8. B19. C20. A21. D22. B23. A24. A25. C26. C27. A28. D29. B30. C31. D32. C33. D34. D35. B36. B37. D38. A39. C40. B41. B42. D43. B44. B45. C46. B47. A48. B49. D50. B51. B52. A53. D54. A55. B56. D57. A58. C59. B60. A61. D62. A63. B64. D65. A66. B67. C68. A69. A70. B71. D72. B73. D74. C75. A76. A77. C78. B79. C80. C81. C82. B83. A84. B85. C86. D87. C88. C89. C90. D91. B92. B93. D94. C95. A96. D97. A98. B99. A100. TRUE101. TRUE102. FALSE103. TRUE104. TRUE105. FALSE106. TRUE107. TRUE108. FALSE109. FALSE110. TRUE ch02Summary division of Questions AACSB Analytic 72 AACSB Reflective thought process 38 Blooms Level 1 recall 36 Blooms Level 2 ensure 51 Blooms Level 3 confine 18 Blooms Level 4 go bad 5 Difficulty 1 wanton 36 Difficulty 2 spiritualist 69 Difficulty 3 elusive 5 larn Objective 02-01 mark between a command system and a market system. 3 Learning Objective 02-02 List the main characteristics of the market system. 25 Learning Objective 02- 03 inform how the market system decides what to produce how to produce it and who obtains it. 40 Learning Objective 02-04 establish how the market system adjusts to change and promotes progress. 14 Learning Objective 02-05 Describe the chemical mechanism of the circular flow model. 16 McConnell Chapter 02 cxv Topic Characteristics of the market system 25 Topic Circular flow model 16 Topic Demise of the command systems 13 Topic Economic systems 10 Topic Five fundamental questions 38 Topic Invisible hand 8